ଅର୍ଥ : King of France from 1547 to 1559. Regained Calais from the English. Husband of Catherine de Medicis and father of Charles IX (1519-1559).

ଅର୍ଥ : First Plantagenet King of England. Instituted judicial and financial reforms. Quarreled with archbishop Becket concerning the authority of the Crown over the church (1133-1189).